INTRODUCTION
Health development as one of national development efforts directed to achieve the awareness, willingness and ability to live healthy for every citizen in order to achieve optimal health status. And so that health becomes everybody's dream all his life. But illness is something that can not be denied though sometimes they can be prevented or avoided. The concept of healthy and sick actually not so absolute and universal because there are other factors outside the clinical reality that affecting mainly socio-cultural factors. Both understanding interplay and understanding that one can only be understood in the context of understanding the other.
Many scholars of philosophy, biology, anthropology, sociology, medicine, and other fields of science have tried to give understanding about the concept of healthy and sick evaluated from their respective disciplines. Healthy and sick problem is a process associated with the ability or inability of humans beradap-tation to the environment either through biological, psychological and socio cultural.
Act No.23, 1992 on Health states that: Health is a prosperous state of body, soul and social life that enable socially and economically unproductive. In this sense, the health should be viewed as one unified whole composed of elements of physical, mental and social and mental health within it is an integral part of health. Definition of pain: a person is said to hurt when he suffered a chronic disease (chronic), or other health problems that cause work activities / activities disrupted. Although a person sick (everyday terms) such as colds, runny nose, but if he had not bothered to carry out its activities, it is considered not ill.
HEALTH AND ILLNESS PROBLEMS
Health problems is a complex problem which is the resultant of various environmental problems that are natural or man-made problems, socio-cultural, behavioral, population, genetics, and so forth. Public health degrees are referred to as the psycho socio somatic health well being, is the resultant of four factors:
1. Environment or the environment.
2. Behavior or behavior, between the first and the second is connected with the ecological balance.
3. Heredity or offspring that are influenced by population, population distribution, and so forth.
4. Health care services such as health programs that are preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative.
Of the four factors mentioned above, environmental and behavioral factors that most influence (dominant) to level of community health status. Ill behavior, role and the role of patient pain is influenced by factors such as social class, ethnic origin and culture differences. So the same health threats (defined clinically), depending on these variables can cause different reactions among patients.
Understanding of illness can be explained by naturalistic etiology in terms of impersonal and systematic, that pain is one state or one thing that is caused by disruption of the human body systems. The statement about this knowledge in the classical tradition of Greece, India, China, shows a model of balance (equilibrium model) a person is considered healthy if the main elements of hot and cold in the body in a state of balance. The main elements are included in the concept of humors, ayurveda dosha, yin and yang. Department of Health has launched a new policy based on health paradigm
1. Health paradigm is
How to view or mindset that health development is holistic, proactive, anticipatory, by looking at health issues as a problem that is influenced by many factors in a dynamic and cross-sectoral, in an area that is oriented to the improvement of maintenance and protection of the population to stay healthy and healing not only people who are sick. At its core health paradigm provides the main focus of the policy are prevention and health promotion, providing support and allocation of resources to keep a healthy stay healthy but still seek immediate ill health. In principle, the policy is to put emphasis on community health activities than on treating disease. Understanding of the disease have been developed that have a biomedical and socio cultural connotations
In English the word was known disease and illness while in the Indonesian language, both understanding it is called disease. Seen from the socio cultural aspects there are big differences between these two terms. With disease or dysfunction is intended adaptation of biological processes and psikofisiologik in an individual, with the illness referred to the reaction of personal, interpersonal, and cultural to the illness or feeling uncomfortable
The doctors diagnose and treat disease, whereas patients had illness that can be caused by disease, illness was not always accompanied by organic or functional disorders of the body.
This paper is a literature review that discusses the health-illness knowledge on cultural and social aspects of human behavior, and specifically on the interaction between some of these aspects which have influence on health and disease. In a cultural context, the so-called healthy in a healthy culture is not necessarily also in other cultures. Here can not be ignored any valuation factor or factors that are closely related to the value system.
HEALTHY CONCEPT BY CULTURE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL
Healthy term contains many cargo cultural, social and professional understanding of the diverse. First from the point of view of medicine, health is closely associated with pain and disease. In fact it is not that simple, sound must be viewed from various aspects. WHO's view of various aspects of health.
WHO definition (1981): Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and note merely the absence of disease or infirmity. WHO defines health as the notion of a perfectly good state of physical, spiritual, and social welfare of a person.
To the extent where someone can be considered complete physical?, By medical experts, medical anthropology is seen as a discipline biobudaya who pays attention to those aspects of biological and socio-culture of human behavior, particularly about ways of interaction between the two throughout the history of human life that affect health and disease. The disease itself is determined by culture: this is because the disease is the social recognition that one can not reasonably run its normal role. Ways of life and human lifestyles are phenomena that can be associated with the emergence of various diseases, besides the results of different cultures can also cause disease.
Community and traditional healers embracing two concepts of cause of illness, namely: Naturalistic and Personalistik. The cause is Naturalistic ie a person suffering from pain caused by environment, food (one meal), living habits, imbalances in the body, including trust as incoming wind chills and congenital disease. The concept of healthy pain embraced traditional healers (Battra) similar to those adopted for the local community, ie, a condition associated with a state agency or state body disorders and symptoms. Healthy for a person means a state of normal, natural, comfortable, and able to perform daily activities with a passion. While the illness is considered as a state body that is less pleasant, even perceived as an ordeal that causes a person unable to perform everyday activities as well as healthy people.
While the emergence of the concept considers Personalistik disease (illness) is caused by the intervention of an active agent that can form non-human beings (ghosts, spirits, ancestors or evil spirits), or human beings (witches, fortune-teller).
Tracing cultural values, for example concerning the introduction of leprosy and the way maintenance. Leprosy has been known by the ethnic Makasar long time. The existence of the term kaddala sikuyu (leprosy crabs) and kaddala massolong (leprosy is melted), is an expression of that support that leprosy is endemic have been in a long time among the community.
Results of qualitative and quantitative research on cultural values Soppeng district, in conjunction with leprosy (Kaddala, BGS.) In Bugis society show that arise and are strictly diamalkannya leprophobia because according to one cultural figure, in marriage advice old people there, said kaddala come included. Mentioned that if there is a violation to have sex when the wife is menstruating, they (the bride) will be cursed and suffer from leprosy / kaddala. The idea that aims to create great moral in a new family, follow the process of developing communication in society and become the concept of leprosy patients as the person in sin. Understanding the patient as a result of sins of the mother-father are suffering due leprophobia early. Low self-esteem of people with low self-esteem started families who feel tainted when one family member suffering from leprosy. Accused of sinning intercourse when the wife is menstruating for a fanatical Islam is perceived as psychosomatic trauma load is very heavy.
Parents, family is refusing her son was diagnosed with leprosy. In the study of Health Service Use in the Province of East Kalimantan and West Nusa Tenggara (1990), the results of focus group discussions in East Kalimantan showed that the child otherwise sick if crying continues, the body sweats, do not want to eat, not sleep, fussy, haggard. For adults, a person otherwise ill when he could not work, unable to walk, not malaise, chills, headache, malaise, anemia, cough, nausea, diarrhea. While the results of discussion groups in West Nusa Tenggara showed that visits sick children from the physical state of body and behavior that is if the show symptoms such as hot, cold cough, diarrhea, vomiting, itching, wounds, dental swelling, yellow body, leg and abdominal swelling .
A traditional healer who also accept the view of modern medicine, has an interesting knowledge about the problem of ill-health. For him, the meaning of illness are as follows: bodily pain means there are signs of the disease in the body such as high fever, weak eyesight, not strong working, trouble eating, disturbed sleep, and the body is weak or ill, the wish was lying or just rest. Mental illness does not exist on the signs on his body, but can be known by asking the unseen. In a healthy person, his movements agile, powerful work, the normal body temperature, eating and sleeping normally, vision light, bright eyes, do not complain listless, weak, or sick-sick body.
Sudarti (1987) outlines some regions descriptive perceptions in Indonesia about illness and disease, people assume that the pain is a state of individuals experienced a series of physical problems that cause discomfort. Sick child's behavior is marked with a fussy, crying and no appetite. Adults are considered sick if lethargic, unable to work, loss of appetite, or "dry bag" (no money). Furthermore, classifying the cause of sick society into three parts, namely:
1. Because the effects of natural phenomena (heat, cold) on the human body
2. Foods are classified into hot and cold food.
3. Supernatural (spirits, witchcraft, demons, etc..).
To treat pain that is included in the first and second groups, can be used in medicines, herbs, massage, scrape, food taboos, and help health workers. To cause pain to the three must be requested assistance shaman, Kyai and others. Thus, efforts to overcome it depends on their belief in the cause of illness. Some examples of diseases in babies and children as follows:
a. Sick with a fever and heat.
The reason is the change in the weather, rain, wrong meal, or catch a cold. Treatment is a way to compress with ice, Oyong, white pumpkin cold or influenza drug purchases. In Indramayu say cool although the symptoms of heat illness is high, so the heat down. Tampek diseases (measles) is also called sick cool because the symptoms of heat loss.
b. Sick diarrhea (diarrhea).
The cause is wrong to eat, eat nuts too much, eating spicy food, eating shrimp, fish, children increased their versatility, stale milk, dilute, and others. Birds in the example of traditional medicine with the chewed guava leaves, shoots his mother and given to his son (Bima Nusa Tenggara Barat) is another drug Sugar Salt Solution (LGG), Oralit, Ciba pills and others. Sugar Salt Solution was known simply not appropriate mixture proportions.
c. Spasm pain
Society in general stated that fever and seizures caused by a ghost. In Sukabumi called ghost pliers, while in West Sumatra caused by evil ghosts. Indramayu in treatment is to go to a shaman or put the baby down-covered bed nets.
d. Tampek illness (measles)
The reason is that children exposed to heat in, children bathed during the heat, or kesambet. In Indramayu treat mothers with children with acid membalur kawak, give to drink honey and lemon or give suwuk leaves, which according to the trust can suck disease.
DISEASE EVENTS
The disease is a complex phenomenon which adversely affect human life. Human behavior and way of life can be a cause of various diseases both in age and in the primitive society that are very advanced civilization and culture.
Viewed from the aspect of disease is biological abnormalities various human organs, while in terms of societal ill considered a behavioral deviation from normative social situation. Deviations can be caused by abnormalities of organs biomedical or human environment, but also can be caused by emotional disorders and psychosocial individuals concerned. Emotional and psychosocial factors are essentially the result of environmental or human ecosystems and human or cultural customs.
The concept of disease incidence by health sciences depending on the type of disease. In general, this conception is determined by various factors such as parasites, vectors, humans and their environment. Anthropologists from the definition of health that may be mentioned to the ecology-oriented, concerned with the reciprocal relationship between humans and the natural environment, illness behavior and the ways the disease affects the behavior of its cultural evolution through the feedback process (Foster, Anderson, 1978).
The disease can be viewed as an element in the human environment, as seen in sickle-cell trait (sickle-cell) among the population of West Africa, an adaptive evolutionary changes, which provide relative immunity to malaria. Sickle cell trait was not a threat, even a desirable characteristic because it gives high protection against the Anopheles mosquito bites.
For the people of Dani in Papua, the disease can be a positive social symbol, which are given specific values. Aetiology of disease can be explained by magic, but also as a result of sin. Social symbol can also be a source of disease. In modern civilization, the relationship between symbols of social and health risks often seem obvious, such as teenage smoking.
A study of the relationship between psychiatry and anthropology in the context of social change written by Rudi schoo (1994), based on his own experiences as a psychiatrist, one of the following case: A woman who was old enough reumatiknya treated only with vitamins and fish oil alone and believe the illness will cured. According to the patient's illness caused by "dirty blood" therefore the only way of healing is by eating clean food, that is `mutih '(plus the vitamins necessary to prevent vitamin deficiency) until the blood becomes clean again. For a doctor's opinion does not make sense, but that's the fact that there is in society.
