A. Understanding
1. Healthy according to WHO 1974
Health is the perfect state of physical, mental, social, not just freedom from disease, disability and weakness.
2. Law treatments were: N0. 23/1992 on health
health is a prosperous state of the body (physical), soul (spiritual) and social that allows every person living in a socially and economically productive.
3. Pepkin's
Health is a state of dynamic balance between form and function of the body that can make adjustments, so that it can overcome the interference from outside.
4. According to Law No.3/1961 mental health is a condition that allows the development of physical, intellectual, emotional and optimal development of a person's current state of harmony with others.
5. Social health is an ability to live together with the community surrounding.
6. Physical health is a state where physical form and function, there is no disturbance to enable development psychological, and social and can carry out daily activities optimally.
In accordance with a healthy understanding of the above can be concluded that health consists of three dimensions: physical, psychological and social can be interpreted more positively, in other words that a person is given the opportunity to develop the broadest capabilities brought from birth to obtain or interpret healthy .
Although there are a lot of the definition, the concept of health is not standard or standard and is absolutely unacceptable and the public. What is considered normal by someone still might be considered abnormal by others, each person / group / community has its own benchmark in interpreting health. Many people live healthy despite lacking economic status, living place that is dirty and noisy, they do not complain of interference even after weighed badanya below normal weight. This explanation shows that the concept is relatively healthy varied widely among people, although in one room / area.
Healthy can not be interpreted something static, settled on a particular condition, but healthy things to be considered a dynamic phenomenon. Health as a spectrum is a condition between the body and mental flexibility that is engaged in a range that is always fluctuating or swinging toward and away from the peak of happiness in life than a perfectly healthy state.
Healthy as a spectrum, Pepkins defines health as the state of dynamic equilibrium of the body and its functions as a result of the dynamic adjustment of the forces that tend to be disturbed. Body someone works actively to defend themselves in order to stay healthy, so health should always be maintained. Here are steps health spectrum:
Positive Health
Better Health
Freedom from Sickness
Spectrum
Health
Unrecognized Sickness
Mild Sickness
Severe Sickness
Death
Concept of Illness
A. Understanding
1. Perkins defines pain as an unpleasant situation that happened to someone so that someone aktivtas cause disruption of daily activities both physical, spiritual and social
2. R. Susan defining illness is the lack of harmony between the environment and individuals.
3. Home Oxford Dictionary defines pain as a condition of the body organ or part of the body where its function is disturbed or deviant.
Healthy situation - Sick
A. Continuum Healthy - sick
The health status of a person is located between the two poles of "optimal health and" death ", which are dynamic. When the health of someone moving kekutub death then someone was in the area of pain (illness area) and when moving towards healthy health status (optimal well being), then someone in the area of health (wellness area).
Healthy deaths
Illness Wellness area area
B. Maintaining the health status
1. In accordance with the nature of a dynamic healthy-sick, then the person can be divided into optimal health, a little healthier, a little sick, very sick and died.
2. When someone in the area needs to be healthy then primary prevention (primary prevention), which include health promotion and specific protection is to prevent illness.
3. When someone in the area of pain needs to be secondary and tertiary prevention is early diagnosisand promt treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation.
C. Factors that influence ill health perunbahan
A. Blum, suggests there are 6 factors that affect the healthy-sick status, namely:
1. Political factors include safety, pressure, oppression, etc..
2. Human behavioral factors including human needs, human habits, customs.
3. Include genetic heredity, disability, ethnicity, risk fator, race, etc..
4. Factor health services, including the attempts promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative.
5. Environmental factors include air, water, rivers etc..
6. Socioeconomic factors including education, employment etc..
D. Prevention Level
In a further development to address health issues including disease prevention known three stages:
Primary prevention: health promotion (health promotion) and special protection (specific protection).
Secondary prevention: early diagnosis and immediate treatment (early diagnosis and the prompt treatment), restrictions on disability (disability limitation)
Tertiary Prevention: rehabilitation.
1. Primary prevention has not been done on the individual's illness, the efforts were:
a. Promotion of health / health promotion aimed at improving the body's resistance to health problems.
b. Special protection (specific protection): specific efforts to prevent the transmission of certain diseases, eg, by immunization, increasing the skills of adolescents to prevent the solicitation and use of narcotics to cope with stress and others.
2. Secondary prevention performed during the individual's onset of illness
a. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment (early diagnosis and prompt treatment), the main purpose of this action is one) to prevent the spread of disease when the disease is a contagious disease, and 2) to treat and stop the disease process, heal the sick and prevent the occurrence of complications and disability .
b. Restrictions disability (disability limitation) at this stage the defects that occur overcome, especially to prevent the disease become sustainable until the cause of the flaw is much worse.
3. Tertiary Prevention
a. Rehabilitation, in this process sought to be defective in pain do not become barriers so that individuals who suffer from can function optimally physically, mentally and socially.
The third scheme of prevention efforts that can be seen in the figure two. In the course of the disease picture of two processes are distinguished on a) the phase prior to the sick: that is marked by a balance between agents (germs of disease, hazardous materials), the host / body and environment and b) phase, people started getting sick: who eventually recover or die.
Figure two: The level of disease prevention (source: Leavel and Clark, 1958)
Health promotion through interventions at the host / body of people such as eating a balanced nutritious diet, healthy behavior, improve the quality of the environment to prevent diseases such as eliminating the breeding of disease germs, reduce and prevent air pollution, eliminate the breeding of disease vectors such as standing water become breeding places of Aedes mosquitoes, or against a disease agent such as for example by giving an antibiotic to kill germs.
Special protection is done through specific actions such as immunization or protection in hazardous industrial materials and noise. To conduct mouthwash-gargle with flour to prevent condensation of caries in teeth. Whereas against germs such as washing hands with an antiseptic solution before surgery to prevent infection, wash hands with soap before eating to prevent diarrheal diseases.
Early diagnosis through screening processes such as breast cancer screening, cervical cancer, the presence of certain diseases during pregnancy, so that treatment can be done during the early and due to the bad will be prevented.
Sometimes the boundaries of the three stages of prevention is not obvious that there are overlapping activities can be classified in the special protection and but also can be classified in the early diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions as soon as treatment in the womb may include early treatment can also special protection.
In addition to the prevention of primary, secondary and tertiary health care among physicians, nurses and public health practitioners known as the five levels of prevention, also known as the four phases of activities to address public health problems, the four stages (Rossenberg, Mercy and Annest, 1998) is:
What is the problem (surveillance). Identify the problem, what's the problem, when it happens, where, who the person is, how it happened, when did that happen if anything to do with the season or period.
Why did it happen (Identification of risk factors). Why is it easier to happen to anyone in particular, what factors increase the incidence (risk factors) and what factors reduce the occurrence of (protective factor).
What works carried out (evaluation of interventions). On the basis of the two previous steps, can the design effort needs to be done to prevent problems, deal with patients and perform immediate relief efforts and assistance to help victims and assess the success of the action in preventing and tackling the problem.
How to expand effective interventions (for implementing large scale). Once known effective interventions, further action is how to implement interventions in various places and settings, and develop resources to implement them.
Figure 3. Four stages of public health activities
Problem
Response
Source: Rossenberg, and Annest Mercy, 1998
