conceptual model of Florence Nightingale

conceptual model of Florence Nightingale

Biography of Florence Nightingale

Two baby girls were born in a family William (WEN) and Fanny Nightingale in a long trip around Europe. Parthenope, the first child, born in Naples, Greece. The second daughter is named according to the name of a town in Italy, where he was born on the 12-Met 1820: Florence.

Florence Nightingale grew up in a wealthy family who live outside the city of London, surrounded by the parties continue, a summer house called Lea Hurst, and a trip to Europe. But in 1837, at age seventeen, he wrote in his diary, "On February 7, the Lord spoke to me and called me to serve Him." But what service?

He realized that he felt excited and very happy - not because the social status of a wealthy family - when she was caring for poor families who live in shanty huts around Embley, his family home.

By the time Florence was twenty-four years, he was convinced that his calling is to care for the sick. But in the 1840s, the respectable English girl would not have anything to be a nurse. In those days, nurses do not exceed the function as the assistant did all the work in the hospital - a public hospital (the rich man was treated at home) - and is considered as a drinker or a prostitute ... ... ...

But Florence, who was not married and still living with her parents, feel almost crazy because ketidakproduktifan and frustration. He asked the American visitors a doctor, dr. Samuel Howe, "What is inappropriate for an English girl devote his life to become a nurse?" He replied, "In England, all the unusual is not a proper. But it is not something that is not possible or is not natural for a lady when doing a job that brings goodness to others. "

Florence often wondered, why the Protestant churches do not like the Catholic Sisters of Charity - a way for women to devote his life to serving others. Dr. Howe told him about Kaiserworth in Germany, founded by the Rev. Theodor Fliedner. The place has hundreds equipped hospital bed, the nursery school, a prison inhabited twelve men, a psychiatric hospital for the orphans, schools to train teachers, and training school for nurses accompanied by hundreds of deacons. Each activity is always followed by a prayer.

Even before she decided to go, with high morale Kaiserworth Florence responded that is the goal.

1846, Florence traveled to Rome with his friends, Charles and Selina Bracebridge. On this trip, she met Sidney Herbert and his wife, Liz. They are devout Christians. Then he became Minister of War and a friend and booster, passion for Florence Nightingale.

In July 1850, at the age of 30, finally went to Kaiserworth of Florence in Germany for two weeks. A year later, he went home and stayed for three months. He came home with a new attitude. Now she knows that she must free herself from her life confined.

Three years later; then, he conducted the first nursing job as a supervisor at the Institute for the Care for Sick Gentle Woman in Distressed Circumstances. He put new ideas into the institution and implement some revolutionary ideas, such as hot water pipes to every floor, elevators for the transport of food patients, and patients can immediately summon the nurse by pressing the buzzer. He also stipulates that the institution is not sectarian institutions - receive all patients from all denominations and religions. (Committee of this institution wants to be the only institution to receive the church the Church of England).

In the year 1854, when England and France declared war against Russia for control of Crimea and Constantinople - the gateway to the Middle East - Sidney Herbert, as Minister for War, asked Florence to head a team of nurses to the military hospital in Scutari, in Turkey. Florence uses this opportunity. He arrived with a team option consisting of 38 nurses. Only 14 nurses who have experience in the field; 24 other people were members of religious institutions of the Roman Catholic nun, dissenting Deaconnesses, Protestant hospital nurses, and some Anglican nuns who are experts in the field of cholera. His friends, Charles and Selina Bracebridge also participated with the team to encourage the spirit.

During the war, Florence faced heavy fighting to convince the military doctors that the female nurses were needed in a military hospital. Crimea War has disrupted the British military system that was sending thousands of soldiers to pick his own death due to malnutrition, disease, and ignored. A total of 60 000 British soldiers sent to the Crimea. A number of 43 000 dead, sick or injured, and only 7000 are wounded by the enemy. The rest are victims of the mud, chaos and disease.

At the time the war would end, reports and suggestions such as Florence Nightingale made England hit by the storm. He became a heroine of the country. In 1860, Nightingale School of Nursing opened in London and first grade students with fifteen young women. Throughout his life, before she died when she was sleeping at the age of ninety years old in 1910, he worked tirelessly to make the changes in the military associated with health and medical care.

Because he has vowed, "All that happened in the Crimea, should not be happening again."

Description of the conceptual model of nursing of Florence Nightingale:

a. Adl nursing definition. Profession for women with the aim of finding and using the natural laws in health development and health services. Ningtingale asserts that nursing adl. Science and art that require formal education to care for the sick.

b. Adl nursing destination. Maintain, prevent infection, and injury, recover from illness, conduct health education and environmental control

c. The reason that nursing human Putting on the best conditions to heal naturally or improve health and prevent disease and injury.

d. Adl individual concept. Represents the unity of physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual and potentially complete.

e. the Adl healthy concept. State free from disease and can use its power fully.

f. The concept of adl environment. External part of health and illness that affects a person.

Central Concept Description

1. Human

Component of human physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual. Although it is more focused on the physical aspect but still Nightingale expressed the idea of someone who is sick has a greater zest for life than those who are healthy, actually related to the psychological dimensions of human

2. Environment

Nightingale refers to the environment by an external physical environment that affect the process of healing and health which includes five of the most important environmental component in maintaining the health of individuals, including

1. clean air,
2. clean water,
3. Efficient maintenance
4. cleanliness, as well as
5. lighting / lighting

Nightingale put more emphasis on the physical environment rather than social and psychological environment which explored in greater detail in his writings. Very clear emphasis on the environment through pernyataannnya that if you want to predict health problems, then that must be done is to assess the home situation, condition and how to assess a person's life than the physical / body.

3. Health

Nightingale defines health as feeling healthy and use every power as much as possible, which is owned by an additive process, which is the result of a combination of environmental factors, physical, and psychological. Especially the environmental factors include:

1. Cleanliness
2. Beverages
3. Nutrition
4. Humidity
5. Airway
6. Culvert

That affect health.

According to Nightingale is healthy can be achieved through education and improved environmental conditions. Disease is a process of repair, the body attempts to correct the problem. Also an opportunity to enhance spiritual outlook. Nightingale therefore strongly emphasize that health is not only oriented in the hospital environment but also the community.

4. Nursing

Nightingale saw nursing as a health sciences and describes nursing as a guide to the enhancement and management of the physical environment so that nature will cure the patients. Therefore, nursing activities include providing education about hygiene at the household and the environment to help women create, or create healthy environments for their families and communities yag basically aims to prevent disease.

conceptual model ROY

conceptual model ROY

History Calista Roy

Sister Calista Roy is one of the sisters of Saint Joseph of Carondelet. Roy was born on 14 october 1939 in Los Angeles, California. Roy received a Bachelor of Art in Nursing in 1963 from Mount Saint Marys College and a Master's Degree in Pediatric Nursing Saint in 1966 at the University of California Los Angeles.

Roy started the job with the adaptation theory of nursing in 1964 when he graduated from the University of California Los Angeles. In a seminar with Dorrothy E. Johnson, Roy being challenged to develop a concept model of nursing. The concept of adaptation within the framework of Roy's influence is in accordance with the concept of nursing. Starting with the systems theory approach. Roy added an adaptation of the work Helsen (1964), an expert in physiology - psychology. To begin to build understanding of the concept. Helsen interpret the adaptive response as a function of the arrival of the stimulus until the achievement of the degree of adaptation to the needs of individuals. The degree of adaptation is formed by three types of stimulus drive are: focal stimuli, konsektual stimuli and residual stimuli.

Roy's adaptation theory Helson combining with the definitions and views of humans as adaptive systems. In addition to these concepts, Roy also adapted the value of "Humanism" in the conceptual model derived from the concept AH Maslow to explore the beliefs and values of humans. According to Roy humanism in nursing is the belief, against human coping ability can improve health status.

As the model evolved, Roy describes the work of other experts from other experts in areas such as adaptation Dohrenwend (1961), Lazarus (1966), Mechanic (1970) and Selye (1978). After several years, this model developed into a framework of nursing education, nursing practice and research. By 1970, the adaptation model of nursing is implemented as a basic baccalaureate nursing curriculum at Mount Saint Mary's College. Since then it is more than 1500 faculty and students helped to clarify, refine, and expand the model. The use of model practices also play an important role for further clarifications and screening models.

A research study in 1971, and survey research in the year 1976 to 1977 showed some temporary assertion of the model adaptation. Development of adaptation model of nursing was influenced by Roy's background and professionalism. In the philosophy of Roy trust their innate abilities, goals, and humanitarian values, clinical experience have fostered the belief in the harmony of body and spirit manausia. Roy philosophical beliefs more clearly in his new job on the adaptation model of nursing.

Major Definitions and Concepts

Major concepts that build a conceptual framework roy adaptation model is:

1.Sistem is the unity of several units that are interconnected and form one unified whole with a marked presence of input, controls, processes, outputs, and feedback.

2.Derajat adaptation is a change in equipment as a result of focal stimuli, contextual and residual individual standards, so that humans can respond adaptively own.

3.Problem adaptation are events or situations that are not adequate to the decrease or increase in demand.

4.Stimulus is the degree of change or focal stimulus that directly require that humans respond adaptively. Focal stimulus is the precipitation changes in behavior.

Contextual 5.Stimulus are all other stimuli that accompany and contribute to changes in behavior caused or triggered by a focal stimulus.

6.Stimulus residuals are all factors that may contribute to changes in behavior, but has yet to be validated.

7.Regulator is a subsystem of an automatic mechanism for coping with the neural response, cemikal, and endocrine processes.

8.Kognator is a subsystem of the mechanisms of coping with the response through a complex process of perception of information, taking, making and learning.

9.Model adaptive effector is kognator namely; Fisiologikal, Pean function, interdependence and self-concept.

10.Respon adaptive response is the increase of human integrity in achieving its goal to sustain human life, reproductive growth.

11.Fisiologis are physiological needs, including basic needs and how the adaptation process conducted for the regulation of fluid and electrolytes, aktivits and rest, elimination, nutrition, circulation and temperature regulation, sensation, and endocrine processes.

12.Konsep self-confidence and feelings are all adopted by individuals within a single time in the form: perceptions, participation of other people's reactions and behavior directly. Including the views of the physical (body image and self sensation) to produce the consistency of personality self, ideal self, or self-expectations, morals and personal ethics.

13.Penampilan role is the role of appearance-related functions of his job in a social environment.

14.Interdependensi is an individual relationship with others is important and as a support system. Within this model, including how to maintain the physical integrity with maintenance and influence learning.

Conceptual Model of Adaptation roy

Four key elements are included in the adaptation model of nursing are: (1) human, (2) Environment, (3) health, (4) nursing. Elements of nursing consists of two parts, namely tujua nursing and nursing activities, is also included in elememn important to the concept of adaptation.

1.Manusia

Roy suggested that the human being as an adaptive system. As an adaptive system, humans can be described holistically as a single unit having input, control, output, and feedback processes. Process control is a coping mechanism that is manifested by way of adaptation. More specifically human is defined sabagai an adaptive system with kognator activity and regulators to maintain adaptation adaptation in four ways, namely: physiological function, self concept, role function and interdependence.

In the adaptation model of nursing, human beings are described as a living system, open and adaptive to experience the power and substances with environmental changes. As the human adaptive system can be described in terms of system characteristics, so humans are seen as an integral and interconnected between the functional units as a whole or several functional units for some purposes. As a human system can also be described in terms of input, process control and feedback and output.

Added on humans as an adaptation system is to receive input from the external environment and the environment within the individual itself. Input or stimulus, including variable satandar opposite that feedback can be compared. This is the standard variable internal stimuli that have a level of adaptation and represent the range of human stimulus that can be tolerated by those businesses which are usually done.

The process of human beings as a system of controls is a coping mechanism of adaptation that has been identified as follows: subsystem regulator and subsystem kognator. Kognator regulators and is described as the action of an effector hubunganya of four ways of adaptation, namely: physiological function, self concept, role function and interdependence.

Human

1. Humans are defined as recipients of nursing care. Human beings as living systems that are in constant interaction with the environment is marked by changes of internal and external
2. These changes require that humans maintain its integrity, ie continuous adaptation
3. Roy identified the unit as a stimulus. Stimulus is a unit of
4. information materials or energy from the environment or herself as a response.
5. along with the stimulus, the level of adaptation is the reach of human stimulus that can adapt its response with reasonable effort.
6. Levels of adaptation and human systems are influenced by individual growth and usage of coping mechanisms
7. Roy categorize the results as an adaptive response system and inefektif
8. Adaptive response is all that refers to human integrity is all behavior that looks as human beings can understand the purpose of life, growth, production and power
9. Response inefektif not support these goals
10. Roy uses the term coping mechanism to explain the process of human control as adaptive systems

Adaptation response diagram
PROCESS

1. Coping
2. Regulatory mechanisms and kognator

INPUT

1. Stimulus
2. Rate adaptation

OUTPUT

1. Adaptation
2. Response inefekti

Effector is described by Roy as follows:

1. Physiological adaptation model

Physiological adaptation model consists of: Oxygenation

1.
1. Nutrition
2. Elimination
3. Activity and rest
4. Sensory
5. Fluids and electrolytes
6. Skin integrity
7. Nerve function
8. Endocrine function

1. Self concept

Referring to the values, beliefs, emotions, ideals, and the attention given to overcome such physical conditions

Role function

Describes the relationship of individual interaction with others who reflected on the role of the first, second and so on.

1. Model dependence

Identifying the human values, love and seriousness. This process occurs in human relationships with individuals and groups.

Nursing

Roy identified the goal of nursing as an increase of the adaptation process. Adaptation level is determined by the size of both focal stimuli, contextual or residual

Model planned maintenance activities as an increase in adaptation responses of healthy or sick situation. As the restriction is an approach that represents nurses to manipulate action focal stimuli, contextual and residual that deviates in humans. Focal stimuli can be modified and nurses can improve the adaptation response by manipulating the contextual and residual stimuli. Nurses can anticipate the possibility of a secondary response which is not effective on the same stimuli in certain circumstances.

Nurses can also prepare for the anticipated human being by strengthening the regulator kognator and coping mechanisms.

HEALTH

Roy identifies as the status and the combined processes of the human condition, expressed as the ability to set goals, live, grow, growing, producing and directing

ENVIRONMENT

Roy identifies the specific circumstances of all the circumstances, conditions and around and feeling the effects of environment and behavior of individuals and groups